Ticks are on everyone’s minds this summer, and also on everyone’s dogs (apparently). Justin and Anuj sat down with Jantina Toxopeus, a professor of biology at St. Francis Xavier University whose research focuses on what happens to insects and arachnids in extreme cold. As Justin puts it, her expertise is figuring out what happens “when you freeze a bug”. As it turns out, that expertise has a lot of practical relevance to this tick discussion.
First, Some Basic Biology
Ticks, Toxopeus is quick to clarify, are not insects. They are arachnids — eight legs, more closely related to spiders and mites than to mosquitoes or flies. Nova Scotia has two species you’re likely to encounter: the black-legged tick (also called the deer tick), which is the one capable of transmitting Lyme disease, and the dog tick, which can’t give you Lyme but will happily ride home on your golden retriever. Understanding which one you’re dealing with matters more than most people realize.
The Lone Star Tick: Headlines vs. Reality
No conversation about ticks in 2026 can avoid the Lone Star tick — the species currently generating alarm because its bite can trigger alpha-gal syndrome, a condition that causes a serious allergic reaction to red meat from mammals. The idea that a tick bite could eventually make you unable to eat a hamburger is, understandably, the kind of thing that lodges itself in people’s brains.
Toxopeus offers a measured reality check. Lone Star ticks have been spotted in Nova Scotia — including by StFX biology students out in the field — but they are almost certainly not established here, meaning they don’t have a self-sustaining population. The reason is winter. To survive in Nova Scotia long-term, a species has to be able to get through our cold season, and there’s little evidence the Lone Star tick can do that yet. The ones showing up are likely hitchhiking in on migratory birds or travellers passing through, not overwintering and breeding. So while alpha-gal syndrome is real and worth knowing about, it is not — for now — a reason for the average Antigonisher to panic.
The operative phrase, Toxopeus notes, is “for now.” The black-legged tick has already expanded northward through Nova Scotia as winters have grown milder, and the same logic applies to the Lone Star tick. It’s something to keep an eye on, not something to lose sleep over today. For those wanting to track it: eTick.ca is a publicly accessible database where people can upload photos of ticks they’ve found and contribute to a real-time map of species sightings across the country.
How Ticks Actually Work
A tick’s life unfolds in three stages after hatching: larva, nymph, and adult. Between each transition, the tick must take a blood meal — feeding on a deer, a mouse, a bird, or, if the opportunity presents itself, a human. Here’s the crucial detail: ticks are not born carrying the Lyme pathogen. They acquire it from a host. That means a larval tick biting you is probably your lowest-risk scenario — it’s almost certainly on its first meal and hasn’t had a chance to pick anything up yet. A nymph, on the other hand, has already fed once, and if that first meal was a deer mouse carrying Lyme disease, the nymph is now a potential vector. In this region, slightly over half of black-legged ticks are carrying the Lyme pathogen — a sobering statistic that explains why being bitten by one is taken seriously.
What to Actually Do If You Find a Tick
Toxopeus’s advice is calm and practical. If a tick has bitten you and you can remove it, use tweezers — not your fingers — and grip as close to the skin as possible to pull out the mouthparts intact. Do not squish it. This is important both because squishing can push pathogen-laden fluid into the bite site, and because an intact tick is one that can be identified. Pop it in a small container, and bring it to a pharmacist. Nova Scotia pharmacists can assess, identify, and prescribe antibiotics for Lyme disease — meaning you don’t need to wait for a doctor’s appointment if you’ve been bitten by what looks like a black-legged tick. Earlier treatment is meaningfully better.
The kill-it-in-a-hurry instinct is understandable but counterproductive. Alcohol — the 40% spirits kind, not rubbing alcohol — will eventually kill a tick without destroying it for identification purposes. Toxopeus’s preferred method, as anyone might predict from her research focus, is the freezer.
If in doubt about any of this, 811 is the number to call — not 911. Nova Scotia’s health line can walk you through exactly what to do if you’ve got a tick on you, or recently pulled one off of yourself, or a family member, or (furry) friend.
Note: Nova Scotia pharmacies can indeed provide immediate treatment for a tick bite! More info at this link
And more information on Lyme disease in general at this link
Myths, Debunked
Ticks do not fall from trees. They do not float on the wind. They are ground-level creatures, most comfortable in grass, that practice a behaviour called questing — holding their legs out, waiting for a warm-blooded animal to brush past so they can latch on. Walking on a gravel trail puts you at low risk; walking through long grass on a Cape George trail, or even through your own unmowed backyard, is a different calculation. They also do not die over winter — both the black-legged and dog tick overwinter comfortably under leaf litter and snow — and they do not always produce the famous bullseye rash when they transmit Lyme disease. Waiting for the rash before deciding to seek treatment is not a reliable strategy. If you have been bitten by a black-legged tick, there is a 50/50 chance you’ve been exposed to Lyme disease, so whether or not that rash appears, you should get treatment.
The seasonal pattern is worth knowing: black-legged ticks peak in spring and fall, while dog ticks are more common in the height of summer.
On the Lyme Vaccine
A Pfizer Lyme vaccine is in the final stages of human trials and may be available within the next year or two. This is unambiguously good news. Less well known is that an effective Lyme vaccine already existed in the late 1990s — it was pulled from the market not because it was unsafe (the FDA was clear it was not), but because a wave of vaccine skepticism driven by false claims about a link to arthritis killed public demand for it.
The Expert’s Own Approach
Asked how nervous she is about Lyme disease given that she spends significant time in tick-heavy environments collecting the creatures for research, Toxopeus is refreshingly unbothered. She tucks her pants into her socks, stays aware, flicks ticks off when she sees them crawling up her leg, and does tick checks after outdoor excursions. She hasn’t been bitten as an adult. She does not, notably, spray herself with DEET before heading into long grass — though she acknowledges it offers a layer of protection for those who want it.
The message she’d like people to take away is essentially the same: be sensible, not scared. Don’t let the ticks keep you indoors. Do check yourself when you come back. This jives with the Government of Canada’s public health advice on preventing ticks bites, which is as follows:
Before you go in areas where ticks can be found:
wear closed-toe shoes
tuck your shirt into your pants, and your pants into your socks
wear permethrin-treated clothing (always follow label directions)
wear light coloured, long-sleeved shirts and pants to spot ticks easily
apply insect repellent containing DEET or Icaridin to clothing and exposed skin (always follow label directions)
Before you return indoors:
check yourself and your clothing
check your outdoor gear, such as backpacks
inspect your pets as they can bring ticks into your home
When you’re indoors:
do a full-body tick check on yourself, children, and persons in your care
shower as soon as possible, as it can help wash off unattached ticks
if you find an attached tick, remove it as soon as possible
you may not notice ticks on your clothes, so either:
put dry clothes in a dryer on high heat for at least 10 minutes
If your clothes are damp, you will need to dry them for longer.
wash your clothes in hot water and dry on high heat
Ticks can survive a cold-warm wash cycle.
As the episode wraps up, Justin reveals his favourite bug is the dung beetle, Anuj diplomatically states that he loves all creatures equally on Jain principles, and Toxopeus nominates the springtail cricket — a species that survives extreme freezing — as her favourite. Naturally.
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